When there is suspicion of a renal carcinoma should be performed several tests that allow us to confirm this diagnosis, distinguishing it from other benign or malignant renal lesions. The tests may include:

- Renal ultrasound, will allow us to distinguish between cystic lesions (fluid-filled) and solid kidney.

- Scanner (TAC) is the technique of choice for both diagnosis and to study the extent of the tumor and to identify the majority of renal injuries.

- MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging is indicated especially in cases where it is suspected that the tumor may invade the renal vein and/or champagne.

- Puncture of the tumor: for study by the pathologist, the material obtained. Used in cases where the evidence cited above are misleading when studying a renal mass.

Optionally, to refine the diagnosis can request the study of cells found in urine (cytology) and the exploration of the urinary tract (pelvis, ureter and bladder), endoscopy (cystoscopy) and / or contrast radiography (excretory urography, retrograde and anterograde pyelography) based on the findings previously made.

How is kidney cancer?

Renal cell carcinoma is resistant to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, so the only curative treatment is surgery. The usual procedure is to remove the kidney and the fat around it (radical nephrectomy). However, in certain patients with small tumors, bilateral, solitary kidney, etc … can perform the lumpectomy alone, trying to preserve as much kidney tissue (partial nephrectomy).

credit to: Dr. Luis Miguel Clemente Ramos, Dr. Chris Dudley

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The most common symptoms that are associated with renal cell carcinoma are:

- Hematuria: the presence of blood in the urine, be detected only by analyzing the same (microscopic) or urine red dye so apparent (macroscopic) and may be accompanied by blood clots.

- Pain in the side.

- Presence of a palpable mass in the corresponding flank.

Less frequently may be manifested by:

- Weight Loss

- Fever

- Hypertension

- Anemia or polycythemia (excess red blood cells)

- Diabetes

- Various laboratory abnormalities.

Fortunately, the spread of ultrasound and scanner (CT) has allowed an incidental diagnosis of small renal tumors by studying other health problems, so the chances of cure are greatest. These tumors are “incidental” and represent 30-50% of kidney cancers diagnosed today.

Forecasts

There are now hopes for immune therapy (to stimulate the body’s defense system against tumor) with substances such as interleukin 2, interferon alfa, tumor-activated lymphocytes, and isolated or in combination. While the results are modest, they open a promising field. At present, used to treat the tumor when it has invaded distant structures (metastasis).

credit to: Dr. Luis Miguel Clemente Ramos, Dr. Chris Dudley

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Renal cell carcinoma is a tumor that is 3% of all adult cancers and 90% of malignant tumors that originate in the kidney. It usually affects adults between 40 and 60 years and is twice as common in men than in women. In most cases, their origin is unknown, though it has been shown a higher incidence in relation to snuff. Has not documented any definite relationship between this tumor and certain industrial products, although the exposure to substances such as thorium dioxide and cadmium have been associated with its development. It is also more common in certain diseases such as:

- Polycystic kidney disease, inherited disease that occurs in the formation of multiple cysts in the kidneys with progressive loss of function of these.

- The Von Hippel Lindau disease, hereditary disease characterized by the development of tumors in the kidneys, cerebellum, retina and pancreas, among others.

Importantly, most renal masses are benign cysts and correspond to single (‘capsule’ of liquid surrounded by a thin wall). The kidney may also be the seat of other benign tumors (renal oncocytoma, angiomyolipoma, a tumor of fat and muscle that should be large can cause internal bleeding, etc.). And malignant tumors, ie tumors affect the structures that carry urine to the bladder (ureter and renal pelvis), sarcoma, lymphoma, renal, etc.

credit to: Dr. Luis Miguel Clemente Ramos, Dr. Chris Dudley

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They are classified as acute and chronic leukemia, based on the level of maturation of the neoplastic population. The acute is characterized by a severe defect in maturation, leading to an accumulation of immature cells, there is no failure in the production of white blood cells differentiated.

Chronic leukemia is the contrast, defined by hyperplasia of mature elements, which tend to be relatively indolent disorders at an early stage, but then can become acute leukemia. 85% of leukemias in children are a form of lymphocytic leukemia, acute myeloid and 10% and 5% myeloid leukemia. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia do not arise in the pediatric series.

Affect the population at a rate of 125,000 people in the age group 0 to 14 years. The risk of leukemia in a child in the first ten years is 12,880. The peak frequency is between 2 and 5 years, and few children have lymphoid leukemia 2 years and older than 10 years.

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What are its causes?

It is a cancer whose incidence and mortality is higher in industrialized countries. Approximately 80% of cases are sporadic, but 20% have a genetic influence, with increased familial risk in the need for greater monitoring and control.

Age is a key risk factor, with a sharp increase in incidence after age 50. The presence of a first degree relative who has had double the risk, and quadrupled if the diagnosis of cancer occurred before 60 years of age. The increased incidence is closely related to lifestyle in industrialized countries.

There are different risk factors in relation to colon cancer: the consumption of fats and red meats, especially canned meats or deli meats, obesity, smoking and high alcohol consumption and diabetes associated with obesity . Patients with Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis is most at risk with respect to the general population, especially in Crohn’s disease (risk 20 times higher).

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Professor Bouzid expressed in this respect, its desire to extend this type of project in other cities, and called for strengthening these services in terms of numbers “with a minimum of three doctors per service for better care for patients. Also on the 4th Forum Post ASCO, he said that this meeting comes just after the holding of the annual convention of the American Society of Oncology (ASCO) held recently in Chicago, and attended by Algerian specialists. “This is the opportunity for Algerian specialists who participated to make a synthesis of innovations and new processing techniques and present them to give them in Algeria in order to progress in treatment and care people with cancer, “noted Professor Bouzid. This 4th edition of the Forum brings together all professionals involved with the management of cancer in Algeria (oncologists, surgeons, internists, radiation oncologists, pulmonologists, pathologists, etc..). It revolves around the plans of new diagnostic and medical care and surgery for cancer of the head and neck, breast and lung and colorectal cancers.

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The treatment for leukemia will vary depending on the following factors:

* Type of leukemia and specific characteristics of leukemia cells
* Extent of disease
* Prior to whether the disease has been treated, if such type of treatment
* Age of the people and general health condition
* Nature of symptoms

Leukemia can be treated either as follows:

* Chemotherapy – helps to kill leukemia cells using strong anti-cancer drugs
* Interferon therapy – to slow the reproduction of leukemia cells and enhance the immune system
* Radiation therapy – high amounts of radiation energy is used to kill cancer cells
* Transplantation stem cell (SCT) – is done to allow treatment with high dose chemotherapy and radiotherapy
* Surgery – is done mainly in two cases, for the removal of an enlarged spleen or for the purpose of installing a venous access device (removing blood samples and giving medications)

The chances of recovery from leukemia are improving by the day, scientists and medical professionals are constantly striving to find new and more effective ways to treat this disease.

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* Frequent infections, fever, cold chills (or any other flu-like signs)
* Fatigue
* Malaise (bodily discomfort experienced)
* Excessive bruising and abnormal bleeding
* Frequent pain in bones and joints
* Loss of appetite, abdominal pain
* Weight Loss
* Node Tender or swollen lymph, liver, or spleen
* Pain in bones and joints
* Leukemia spreading to the brain can cause various disorders such as headaches, seizures, weakness, blurred vision, inability to balance, vomiting, etc.
* Shortness of breath, frequent coughing and very long, of suffocation, etc, could be caused if the leukemia T-cell (a type of lymphocytic leukemia)

How to diagnose leukemia?

There are many ways to diagnose leukemia. If a physician has some reason to suspect leukemia in one patient the diagnosis of the disease may be as follows:

Your doctor will ask medical history and conduct a through physical examination to check general health and also to verify or leukemia symptoms such as swelling in the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, groin and neck. Blood tests are effective ways to diagnose the disease but does not help you find the type of leukemia. The full account of blood and blood account of the differential helps to establish the number of different blood cells and the relative proportion of cells from the blood into the bloodstream.

A hematologist, oncologist or pathologist can identify the type of leukemia a person has for bone marrow aspiration (drawing marrow of patients using needle and examined under a microscope). A bone marrow biopsy can be performed later. Farther other tests such as spinal tap (lumbar puncture), chest X-rays, etc., also help diagnose the disease.

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Major Types of Leukemia

Depending on the type of cells involved, the leukemia is categorized as Myelogenous leukemia and lymphocytic leukemia. Each has both acute and chronic stages. The main types of leukemia are:

* Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML)
* Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
* Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)
* Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)

Acute lymphocytic leukemia is increasingly seen among children while acute Myelogenous leukemia and chronic lymphocytic leukemia are more common among adults.

Acute leukemia progresses rapidly especially among unformed or primitive cells that make blood cells incapable of performing normal functions. Chronic leukemia progresses otherwise permit a slower growth of a comparatively larger number of developed cells that can function normally.

What causes leukemia?

The exact cause of leukemia is yet to be known and equally rigorous research is ongoing. However, few risk factors have been identified that make individuals more prone to leukemia. Take a look at a few such risk factors:

* Exposure to large amounts of radiation
* Frequent contact with certain specific chemicals (such as benzene)
* Certain types of virus are said to cause little specific leukemia (eg, leukemia T-cell)
* Leukemia can also be caused by some genetic conditions
* Smoking is considered a common risk factor
* Certain types of cancer therapy are said to cause leukemia

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Close relationship between food and our health is nothing new. But now, in addition, has published a new study that concluded that the best prevention against cancer lies in eating a balanced diet (rich in fruits and vegetables) and preparing food properly.

How? Here you have the key.

Teacher Attilio Giacosa and Jaak Janssens, two big names in cancer research, prevention and explain the importance of dietary intake of fruits and vegetables play an important role in preventing oral cancer, lung, esophagus, stomach and intestines.

Are the most profitable crop? According to their study, oranges, garlic, broccoli, brussel sprouts, cabbage and cauliflower.

But not enough to make vegetables also should prepare themselves well. Ideally, steamed or roasted and use the right tools to do so, for example, with a sharp knife to cut vegetables, you will lose less than beneficial substances. In addition, it is better to eat vegetables grown in their own garden (its properties has not exhausted) and play stations.

And to finish the play, a glass of wine at noon. Giacosa explains that moderate consumption of wine also help prevent cancer, because the wine contains the active ingredients of fruit. The goal is to take one or two drinks to food (no more), and preferably red wine to white.

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