The colon is part of the digestive tract between the small intestine and rectum which occurs in fluid absorption from the intestinal contents and feces are formed. Colon cancer is currently an important public health problem in developed countries. It is the fourth most common cancer in the world. In Spain, there are approximately 19,000 new cases each year.

What are its causes?

It is a cancer whose incidence and mortality is higher in industrialized countries. Approximately 80% of cases are sporadic, but 20% have a genetic influence, with increased familial risk in the need for greater monitoring and control.

Age is a key risk factor, with a sharp increase in incidence after age 50. The presence of a first degree relative who has had double the risk, and quadrupled if the diagnosis of cancer occurred before 60 years of age. The increased incidence is closely related to lifestyle in industrialized countries.

There are different risk factors in relation to colon cancer: the consumption of fats and red meats, especially canned meats or deli meats, obesity, smoking and high alcohol consumption and diabetes associated with obesity . Patients with Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis is most at risk with respect to the general population, especially in Crohn’s disease (risk 20 times higher).

Bronchiolitis is a common disease of the respiratory tract caused by an infection that affects the tiny airways, called “bronchioles, leading to the lungs. As these airways become inflamed, they swell and fill with mucus, making it difficult to breathe.

Bronchiolitis:

* Most often affects infants and young children because their small airways become blocked more easily than those of older children or adults

* Usually occurs in the first two years of life, with a higher incidence between 3 and 6 months

* Is more common in boys, in those who were not breastfed and those living in overcrowded

Both care and exposure to cigarette smoke may also increase the chances of a baby from bronchiolitis.

While often it is a mild illness, some infants are at risk of suffering a more serious condition that requires hospitalization. The conditions that increase the risk of severe infection include prematurity, lung disease, prior chronic heart and immune system weakened by disease or medications.

Children who have had bronchiolitis may be more likely to develop asthma in later life, but still not clear whether bronchiolitis causes or triggers asthma, or whether children who eventually develop asthma alone were more likely to develop bronchiolitis being babies. Studies are underway to clarify the relationship between bronchiolitis and subsequent development of asthma.

Bronchiolitis is usually caused by a viral infection, usually respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Infections caused by this virus are responsible for more than half of all cases of bronchiolitis and occur mostly in winter and early spring. Other viruses associated with bronchiolitis include rhinovirus, influenza virus and metapneumovirus.

The liver, the organ of the human body larger without the skin, is located below the ribs on right side of the abdomen.

Its main functions include the filtration of blood and the elimination of toxic wastes and the production of enzymes that help digest food, converting them into substances needed for the proper functioning of the body. Some nutrients have to be chemically altered (metabolized) in the liver before the rest of the body can use as energy source. The liver produces some of the clotting factors that prevent the blood is too liquid and also secretes bile to the intestine to help absorb nutrients.

The liver is divided into three lobes, the right, the left and a smaller one called square, which in turn are subdivided into segments. Unlike most other organs of the body receives blood from two sources. The hepatic artery supplies the liver with blood rich in oxygen while the portal vein carries nutrient-rich blood from the intestines. All blood from the digestive tract through the liver before it reaches the rest of the body, making it a sort of ‘office’ from the outside world.

Liver cancers

Cancer occurs when normal cells change and begin to grow uncontrollably and form a mass called a tumor. A tumor can be benign (not cancerous) or malignant (cancerous, meaning it can spread to other parts of the body).

Primary liver cancer is cancer that originates in the liver. More commonly, the liver is the site of metastasis (spread) of cancer that started somewhere else, like pancreatic cancer, colon, stomach, breast or lung. However, these are not primary liver cancer. For more information about cancer that originated elsewhere in the body and spread to the liver

Statistics

In 2009, it is estimated that approximately 22,620 adults (16,410 men and 6210 women) were diagnosed with primary liver cancer in the United States. It is estimated that this year the disease causes about 18,160 deaths (12,090 men and 6070 women). Liver cancer is also the sixth most common cause of cancer death in men and ninth in women.

Compared with the United States, liver cancer is much more common in developing countries of Africa and East Asia. In some countries is the most common type of cancer.

The relative survival rate five years (percentage of patients who survive at least five years after the cancer is detected, excluding those who die from other diseases) of patients with liver cancer is about 11%.

The statistics on cancer survival should be interpreted with caution. These estimates are based on data from thousands of cases of this cancer, but the real risk of an individual may differ. It is not possible to tell how long a person live with liver cancer. Because the survival statistics are measured in intervals of five years may not represent advances made in the treatment or diagnosis of this cancer.

This element is constantly being updated and, paradoxically, begins to age from the moment of our birth. In this process, the genetic individual is decisive, although other factors such as environmental impact significantly on it. Lifestyle also plays an important role in this regard, he noted the extremely negative action that develop habits such as snuff, alcohol, physical inactivity or lack of sleep at night.

Erroneously exists a blind belief in artificial cosmetics as the only method of mitigating the effects on the skin and leave an indelible mark over the years and aggressive lifestyles. However, practice routines and healthy habits can keep your skin healthy and we forget too easily.

Hygiene is important and also needed daily. In this sense, oily skin needs a soap that is not too dry, because in that case, the body reacts by producing more fat and provoke the opposite effect to that desire. A neutral lotion, such as aluminum acetate, along with soaps like oatmeal, are extremely desirable. It also flee fragrant soaps as they contain alcohol, and antibacterial agents because they may cause significant imbalances.

Should hydrate dry skin with products containing hyaluronic acid or ammonium lactate is between 5 and 8 percent. The nutrition of the skin is also something to bear in mind when it comes to ensuring their health.

The diet becomes final significance, so it should include carbohydrates, proteins and vitamins in vegetables and fruits. Finally, despite the current fear, exposure to the sun in moderate term and with adequate protection is necessary because it brings the metabolism of vitamin D the body needs for strong bones.

The cervix is the name given to the lowest part of the uterus. The uterus is an organ that only women have, and is where babies grow and develop when a woman is pregnant. During pregnancy, the uterus grows enormously. When a woman is not pregnant, the uterus is an organ small, pear-shaped which lies between the rectum and bladder of women. The cervix connects the uterus to the birth canal (vagina). The cervix can be visualized and examined by his doctor during a routine pelvic examination.

What is cancer of the cervix?

Cervical cancer develops when cells in the cervix begin to grow uncontrollably and can then invade nearby tissues or spread throughout the body. Large collections of cells that grow abnormally are called tumors. Some tumors are not really cancer because they can not spread or threaten the lives of people. These are called benign tumors. The tumors that can spread through the body or invade nearby tissues are considered cancer and are called malignant tumors. Usually the cancer of the cervix is very slow-growing but in some circumstances it can grow and spread quickly.

Cancers are characterized by cells from which they originate. The rate of cervical cancer most common is called squamous cell carcinoma. This type of cancer begins in cells that are found on the surface of the cervix, called squamous cells. The squamous cell cervical cancer constitutes about 80% of all cervical cancers. The second most common form is adenocarcinoma, which originates from the cells that form glands in the cervix. The percentage of cervical cancers are adenocarcinomas has risen since the 1970s, although nobody knows exactly why. About 3% to 5% of cervical cancers have features of both squamous and adenocarcinomas and are called adenosquamous carcinomas. There are other rare types such as carcinoma and small cell neuroendocrine are so infrequent that they will not be discussed in this article.

Am I at risk of developing cervical cancer?

Cervical cancer is more common in developing countries means that in developed countries, and is relatively rare in the United States. In the United States is expected that by the year 2002, 13,000 women develop cervical cancer and 4,100 women die of cervical cancer. This places the cervical cancer as the 12th most common cancer in women, and the 14th most common cause of death in women in the United States. However, cervical cancer is the second most common cancer causing death in countries where development path, with about 370,000 new cases annually and a 50% mortality rate. There has been a decrease in incidence and mortality of cervical cancer of 75% in the last 50 years. Most of this decrease is attributed to the institutionalization of effective screening programs in developed countries.

Although several risk factors associated with cervical cancer, no one knows exactly why it takes a woman and another woman. One of the most important risk factors for cervical cancer is infection with a virus called HPV (human papillomavirus). HPV is a sexually transmitted disease is common in the population, many men and women attending college age have been exposed to HPV. HPV is the virus that causes genital warts, but having genital warts does not necessarily mean you will get cervical cancer. There are different subtypes or strains of HPV. Only certain subtypes cause cancer, and subtypes that cause warts are unlikely to cause cancer. Frequently, the HPV infection causes no symptoms until the woman develops a pre-cancerous lesion on the cervix. It should be emphasized that only a small percentage of women who have HPV will develop cervical cancer, so simply having HPV does not mean you will get sick. However, nearly all cervical cancers show evidence of HPV, therefore, infection is a major risk factor for developing cancer of the cervix.

Because infection with a sexually transmitted disease is a risk factor for cervical cancer, any risk factors for developing sexually transmitted diseases are also risk factors for developing cervical cancer. Women who have had multiple male sexual partners, began having sex early, or have had male sexual partners at high risk (or who have had many sexual partners and / or began sexual relations at an early age) are at risk highest cervical cancer. Also, get any sexually transmitted disease (such as herpes, gonorrhea, syphilis, or chlamydia) increase the risk of a woman. The HIV infection is another risk factor for cervical cancer, but may be different for another reason. It seems that any condition that weakens the immune system also increases the risk of developing cervical cancer. The conditions that weaken their immune system include HIV, have had an organ transplant, and Hodgkin’s disease. Another important risk factor for developing cervical cancer is smoking. Smokers are at least two times the risk of developing cervical cancer than nonsmokers. Smoking can also increase the importance of other risk factors for cancer. Finally, being from a low socioeconomic group seems to increase the possibility of developing and dying of cervical cancer. This can be caused by high rates of smoking, or soon because there may be other barriers to having a yearly screening. Cervical cancer is one of the few cancers that affects young women (in the 20s or even in adolescence), therefore, any woman who is sexually active is too young to start checkups for early detection. Additionally, the risk of cervical cancer never decreases, so nobody is too old to continue with the check. Remember that all risk factors are based on probabilities, and even someone with no risk factors can develop cervical cancer. An adequate screening for early detection is the best weapon to reduce the mortality associated with this disease.

Symptoms and Complications

Brain cancer causes symptoms when it pushes on the brain that destroys brain tissue. Symptoms depend on the size and location of the tumor, and the speed at which it multiplies. Although headaches are often a symptom of brain cancer, it is important to remember that most headaches are not caused by cancer but are caused by less serious conditions such as migraine or tension. Headaches caused by brain tumors are often severe, associated with nausea and vomiting and often worse early in the day. They can last long or occur intermittently.

Other symptoms include:

* Dizziness
* Impaired vision as double vision
* Impaired coordination
* Weakness or numbness on one side of body
* Seizures
* Changes in mood, senses, personality or feelings
* Impaired memory
* A state of confusion or difficulty concentrating

What can you do to help control your blood pressure?

Ask your doctor about your blood pressure target. Monitor your blood pressure regularly as recommended by the doctor. Many pharmacies sell blood pressure monitors that you can easily use at home. If you find that your blood pressure numbers are higher than normal, tell your doctor. There would need to adopt some changes in lifestyle (see below) or take medication (or combination of drugs) to lower your blood pressure.

Some measures that help control your blood pressure:

* Follow a diet low in fat and salt (eg. The DASH diet);
* Exercise regularly;
* Maintain a healthy weight;
* Reduce your consumption of alcohol;
* Try to give up smoking.

When you want to characterize a gene or protein of interest, you must first study its function. In this molecular age, obtaining a cDNA of your gene of interest is not difficult.

To express the cDNA as a protein, IE. a recombinant protein, one can then easily perform functional studies using purified recombinant protein.

Once you have a purified protein can lead to:

* Experience interaction Protein-protein
* Kinetics of enzymes
* Functional Studies of the protein
* Structural Studies – including protein crystallization, the protein structure and NMR.
* You can also use protein to make antibodies for further experiments.

There are two main systems for the expression of the recombinant protein. Once you get your cDNA copied, you must decide where you want to boost your protein. This will (usually a prokaryotic (bacterial) or eukaryotic yeast or mammalian cells). Choosing your system decide what vehicle you need to copy your cDNA as there are various promoters that function in Escherichia coli and others that work well with yeast or mammalian systems.

The primary liver cancer is cancer that occurs in the liver spontaneously and develops depends directly on liver cells (liver cells).

Causes and risk factors

The primary liver cancer:

* Is increasing for several years;
* Is more common in some regions: Africa (tropical) and South-Eastern Asia;
* Occurs around age 60 in Europe and North America and to 35 years in Africa and Asia;
* Is mainly observed in humans;
* Is most often linked to the evolution of a pre-existing cirrhosis. In France, the cancerous cirrhosis due to alcohol varies between 10 and 30%. In the tropics, the carcinogenesis is linked to cirrhosis of viral origin (hepatitis B). When liver cancer develops on a liver showing no lesions of cirrhosis, the role of dietary factors has been advanced, and especially that of certain toxins (aflatoxin contaminant of peanut flour in Africa).

The signs of the disease

The patient may experience pain in relation to the liver, fever, impaired general condition (weight loss, loss of appetite, fatigue) or jaundice (yellowing of the skin).

Consultation
Careful examination of the abdomen found an increased volume of liver (hepatomegaly), hard with irregular surface, sometimes sensitive or painful.

Reviews and analyzes
The laboratory tests found evidence of non-specific anemia (low hemoglobin in the blood), increased number of white cells in the blood, changes in blood levels of enzymes produced by the liver (increased gamma-GT, alkaline phosphatase …).

The determination of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is useful for diagnosis of primary liver cancer. This protein is present at the 8th week of embryonic life and then decreases in adults. In the context of primary liver cancer, AFP increased significantly 9 times out of 10. However, AFP was found increased in other diseases (viral hepatitis, certain digestive cancers, pregnancy). However, it is interesting to note that in a patient with chronic liver disease, increased AFP must suspect the occurrence of cancer.

Other biological parameters directly associated with cancer are sometimes found: hypercalcemia (increased calcium in the blood), hypoglycemia.

The radiological find items for the diagnosis of cancer. The liver ultrasound found a mass or more evocative.

Evolution of the disease
The development of liver cancer is often poor because the liver produces many substances necessary for many body functions.

The risk of patient death is usually related to bleeding or infectious complications.

Treatment
The treatment of primary tumors involves surgery if it is feasible (general condition, location and size of the tumor) in the form of a partial removal of the liver reached. Surveillance of AFP after the operation to detect at best a cancer recurrence. When surgery is not feasible, treatment involves the chemotherapy intravenously.

Cancer Risk Factors uterusLes major risk factors

Infection by certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV)

* Today, it is estimated that almost all cancers of the cervix is linked to HPV. Papillomavirus (HPV) are a cause necessary but not sufficient for cervical cancer. If they are removed from most women, they persist in others and participate in the development of cancer of the cervix. The most virulent strains are HPV 16 and 18;

The failure to be followed by regular smear

* Cancer of the cervix is changing very slowly from precancerous lesions. Supported and treated at an early stage of anomaly, it does not develop until stage cancer. A regular Pap smear screening (all women aged 25 to 65 every 3 years after two normal smears a year apart) provides good protection. To learn more, read our “The smear against cancer of the cervix uteri.

Other risk factors
* Becoming sexually active at a young age and having many sexual partners increasing the risk of HPV infection by the most virulent and therefore increases the risk of cancer of the cervix.
* Active smoking (> 15 cigarettes per day) or passive use of the term of OCs (> 5 years).
* Some sexually transmitted infections including Chlamydia trachomatis or herpes simplex virus type 2 (genital herpes).
* A weakened immune system due to drugs that inhibit the immune system or the presence of an infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
* Being the daughter of a woman who took diethylstilbestrol (DES) medication during pregnancy. To learn more, read our article “Distilbène: how many women in danger?”
* Some dietary factors have been suspected, including vitamin B6, B12 and folate. Conversely, a diet rich in fruits and vegetables decrease the risk.