Public health refers to both the health of a population assessed using health indicators (quantitative and qualitative, including access to care) and all collective means to care, promote health and d ‘improve the living conditions.  In primitive societies, health is generally much the individual group. It is entangled with religious beliefs and animists, and the role of healers (shaman, witches, etc) Using both the local pharmacopoeia, touch and practices related to magic, divination, or psychology.  In Europe, the organization of care remained until the nineteenth century very largely dependent on private initiatives and charities (The role of religious institutions has long been predominant, the patient support being considered as a charity ).

However, in Flanders, for example, measures of health [2] are taken by judges (equivalent of mayor) of different cities:

• Order of Bruges of 1464 requires street cleaning once or twice a week. And every day since 1632, and the obligation to clear the drains,
• Order of Lille in 1470 requires that garbage be cleared paths encircling Lille. This spot will be taken over by the city in 1668.
• The magistrate of Bruges houses demolished due to unsafe in 1485.

The cemeteries are a source of miasma and infection, Louis XVI took an edict March 10, 1776 which forbids burying in churches and chapels. From the eighteenth century, the disease gradually ceases to be regarded as inevitable and the body becomes a concern. The first movement consists of elites, then gradually extends to the whole society. Health becomes a law that states must guarantee.

The development of industrialization is a second factor that tends to explain the development of public health: one for simple criteria of productivity of workers (occupational medicine), the other for fear of riots and under the pressure from unions. Finally the First and Second World War contribute to the development of medical management of mass and the implementation of welfare policies: the birth of the concept of welfare state. After the Spanish flu pandemic of 1918, public health is a global dimension with the WHO. Eco Epidemiology expands to better monitor zoonotic diseases transmissible to humans, particularly through collaboration with FAO and OIE under the auspices of the UN. Europe tends to be more important in the health field.

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